PROBLEM:
How are the domain users that are found in the domain controller able to change the password of users in Office 365.
SOLUTION:
First follow the instructions in the link below to set up Password Sync Client and Password Sync Server.
https://kaseya.zendesk.com/entries/102185123
After following the instructions to set up Password Sync Client and Password Sync Server in the above link, the instructions below can be followed to have a specific Active Directory user sync up with a specific Office 365 user.
AD users can sync with Office 365 users by 2 ways: Mail Attribute or User Principal
1 - Mail Attribute
In the Domain Controller it is possible to add the Office 365 email address in the "Mail" attribute as shown below.
2 - User Principal
The User Principal can be used instead. The user principal option can be selected in the Password Client Admin instead of the Mail Attribute as shown above. Then the User Principal on the domain controller must match that on the Office 365 account as shown below.
Note: For both options above, as a test if nothing is logged in the Password Client logs after a Password is reset (and the Password Client Service is started), then chances are the Domain Controllers were not rebooted after the installation of the Password Client Service.